Monday, January 26, 2015

Track Inspection Planning Risk and Measurement Analysis

Title: Track Inspection Planning Risk and Measurement Analysis
Published: January 2015
Report number: cmr15-005
Project number: TR201409
Author(s): Dr. Dincer Konur, Dr. Suzanna Long, Dr. Ruwen Qin, Dr. Curt Elmore, and Hadi Farhangi 
Performing organization: Missouri University of Science and Technology, Department of Engineering Management and Systems Engineering

Abstract: This project models track inspection operations on a railroad network and discusses how the inspection results can be used to measure the risk of failure on the tracks. In particular, the inspection times of the tracks, inspection frequency of the tracks, and times between consecutive inspections on the same tracks should be considered for scheduling inspections on the railroad tracks. Furthermore, an inspection plan should schedule inspections considering the characteristics of different tracks. Therefore, it is important to schedule track inspections such that the potential defects are captured as much as possible within minimum times to increase safety. The project formulates a mathematical optimization problem for the track inspection planning considering the practical settings of track inspection operations such as inspection times, inspection frequencies required, time between consecutive inspections, and importance of distinct tracks. The two objectives simultaneously captured in this model are minimization of total inspection times and maximization of the weighted inspections. An efficient solution method is proposed for solving this model. The solution method is compared to a scheduling procedure, which can be used in absence of the findings in this project, on a set of railroad track networks of different sizes. Based on the comparison, the solution method proposed proves to find improved inspection schedules regardless of the railroad network size. A review of the techniques on how to use the inspection results to measure risk of failure is provided.

Safety Evaluation of Diverging Diamond Interchanges in Missouri

Title: Safety Evaluation of Diverging Diamond Interchanges in Missouri
Published: January 2015
Report number: cmr15-006
Project number: TR201406
Author(s): Dr. Praveen Edara, Dr. Carlos Sun, Boris R. Claros, and Henry Brown 
Performing organization: University of Missouri-Columbia, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 

Abstract: The Diverging Diamond Interchange (DDI) has gained in popularity in the United States during the last decade. The operational benefits and lower costs of retrofitting a conventional diamond with a DDI have contributed to its increased use. Existing research on DDIs has focused primarily on the assessment of operational benefits. Unfortunately, formal safety evaluations of DDIs are lacking. This study filled the knowledge gap by conducting a safety evaluation at the project-level (interchange) and the site-specific level (ramp terminals) of DDIs using three types of before-after evaluation methods: Naïve, Empirical Bayes (EB), and Comparison Group (CG). All three methods showed that a DDI replacing a conventional diamond decreased crash frequency for all severities. At the project-level, the highest crash reduction was observed for fatal and injury (FI) crashes – 63.2% (Naïve), 62.6% (EB), and 60.6% (CG). Property damage only crashes were reduced by 33.9% (Naïve), 35.1% (EB), and 49.0% (CG). Total crash frequency also decreased by 41.7% (Naïve), 40.8% (EB), and 52.9% (CG). Similarly, in the site-specific analysis, the highest crash reduction was observed for fatal and injury (FI) crashes – 64.3% (Naïve), 67.8% (EB), and 67.7% (CG). Property damage only crashes were reduced by 35.6% (Naïve), 53.4% (EB), and 47.0% (CG). Total crash frequency also decreased by 43.2% (Naïve), 56.6% (EB), and 53.3% (CG). A collision type analysis revealed that the DDI, as compared to a diamond, traded high severity for lower severity crashes. While 34.3% of ramp terminal-related FI crashes in a diamond occurred due to the left turn angle crashes with oncoming traffic, the DDI eliminated this crash type. In summary, the DDI offers significant crash reduction benefits over conventional diamond interchanges.